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The Best Colleges With Low GPA Requirements

The Best Colleges With Low GPA Requirements SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you have a low GPA? Are you wondering what colleges you can get into despite your low GPA? Out of all the schools in the country, we've compiled a complete list of colleges with low GPA requirements and ranked the best ones. Even if you have a low GPA, that doesn't mean a great education is out of reach for you. Keep reading to figure out what your options are for higher education. The Big Picture: What You Can Do With a Low GPA If you are looking at your low GPA with worry, let us reassure you: you can absolutely get a great education no matter what college you end up going to. For example, did you know that the vast majorityof people profiled in Forbes Magazine’s list of â€Å"30 under 30† (basically a list of about 450 young entrepreneurs, artists, and inventors who are making a name for themselves in a bunch of different fields) went to their local or state college? And not only that, but most of them actually found their business partners there as well! // Yes, the old line is totally true: it’s up to you to make the most of where you are. How? Well, for one, you can research classes and professors by asking your advisors and friends or by looking at online reviews. No matter where they teach, most professors tend to love their subject- after all, they’ve devoted their whole life to studying it!- so seek them out during office hours. Trust me, they'll love to talk with you! Now, let us show you the many choices and possibilities open to you, even if you didn't put your best foot forward in high school. Read on to learn about the following: Colleges that have alternative applications, some of which do not even require a transcript University systems in which you can transfer from one campus to another Great state schools with less competitive admission requirements // What's a Low GPA for College? First, we should clarify what we mean by a low GPA. The definition of a low GPA depends heavily on your personal goals and target colleges, but a general rule of thumb is that any GPA below a 3.0 puts you in the lower range for most colleges in the country. It's true that a 3.0 is the average GPA in the country, but remember that many high school students also don't go to college. Thus, the ones who do go to college usually end up having higher GPAs. As you'll see below, the average GPA of lower-tier colleges is in the 2.9-3.3 range. GPA can also be complicated because of unweighted and weighted GPAs, and how colleges consider the difficulty of your coursework. Even if you have a low GPA, you can compensate for it if you took a difficult course load, as colleges will reward you for your academic ambition. // Here are a few guides you might want to check out as you read this article: What Is a Good GPA? What's a Bad GPA for College? What's the Average High School GPA? How Do I Apply to College With a Low GPA? Finally, keep in mind that even with a low GPA, you still have a great shot at getting into college if you do well on the SAT/ACT. If a low GPA doesn't represent your academic potential well, you can show colleges your true ability through tests that are standardized throughout the country. Maybe your GPA is hiding you behind a mask? Want to build the best possible college application, to compensate for a lower GPA? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Does Your GPA Not Show the Real You? // If you have a low GPA but know that you are capable of so much more, three colleges now give you a totally different way to apply! Goucher College: How about this for a revolutionary idea: you only submit a two-minute video about yourself. That's it. No transcript, no test scores- just you explaining why you deserve admission. Bennington College: Similar deal here in that there's no need to submit a transcript or test scores. Instead, you'll turn in a self-curated collection of your work that speaks to your creative and intellectual abilities. Bard College: Even though Bard still requires a transcript, you can opt to answer several college-level essay questions. Just think: an amazing performance would be a surefire way to prove you can do better than your GPA suggests! Just ... a ... little ... longer! Do You Need More Time to Prove Yourself? // If you just need a little more time to demonstrate what you can do, think about applying to a less competitive campus of a state university system. You can then transfer to a more rigorous campus in the same system. Below is our list of the least competitive campuses in larger and more competitive state university systems. In this chart, we've included the average GPA of admitted applicants as well as the current acceptance rate for each school. (Pro tip: click the school names to see your chances of getting in with our Admissions Calculator!) School Average GPA Admission Rate Indiana University Northwest 2.96 79% Louisiana State University Shreveport 3.29 81% Penn State Schuylkill 2.90 73% Rutgers Camden 3.30 58% SUNY Potsdam 3.29 74% Texas AM Kingsville 3.35 82% University of Arkansas at Little Rock 3.21 59% University of Colorado at Colorado Springs 3.37 91% University of Illinois at Chicago 3.25 77% University of Louisiana at Monroe 3.41 94% University of Maine at Presque Isle 3.04 77% University of Maryland Eastern Shore 2.80 57% University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 3.20 76% University of Michigan at Flint 3.29 74% University of Minnesota Crookston 3.21 78% University of Missouri Kansas City 3.36 63% University of Nebraska at Kearney 3.47 85% University of North Carolina at Pembroke 3.40 74% University of Pittsburgh at Bradford 3.22 58% University of South Carolina Beaufort 3.39 63% University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 3.48 79% University of Texas at Brownsville 3.09 87% University of Washington Tacoma 3.23 83% University of Wisconsin Milwaukee 3.10 73% A name-brand school = a little bling for your resume. // Do You Want a Name-Brand School? If you would still like to go to a high-profile school but don’t see yourself transferring, state colleges are your best bet. Check out these accessible state college systems with fairly low GPA requirements on all of their campuses: California State University Connecticut State University University of Hawaii Massachusetts State University University of Nevada The CUNY system in NYC The Oregon University system (not to be confused with the University of Oregon) University of Rhode Island // I'll just point my protractor at a random point on this globe and go to college there! List of Colleges With Low GPAs by State If you have an idea of where you want to end up geographically speaking, then you're in luck. Here is a comprehensive list of colleges sorted by state. For each state, the schools are listed alphabetically and are accompanied by their average GPAs for admitted applicants. Alabama Alabama State University 2.80 Auburn University at Montgomery 3.30 Faulkner University 3.26 Jacksonville State University 3.34 Oakwood University 2.99 Southeastern Bible College 3.34 Tuskegee University 3.10 University of North Alabama 3.40 Alaska University of Alaska Fairbanks 3.21 University of Alaska Southeast 2.94 Arizona Prescott College 3.17 Arkansas Arkansas Tech University 3.19 Henderson State University 3.21 Southern Arkansas University 3.26 University of Arkansas at Little Rock 3.21 University of Central Arkansas 3.36 University of the Ozarks 3.23 // California American Jewish University 3.11 California Baptist University 3.32 California College of the Arts 3.27 California State University Bakersfield 3.20 California State University Chico 3.27 California State University Dominguez Hills 3.13 California State University East Bay 3.10 California State University Fresno 3.07 California State University Los Angeles 3.21 California State University Monterey Bay 3.32 California State University Northridge 3.18 California State University Sacramento 3.27 California State University San Bernardino 3.21 California State University San Marcos 3.27 California State University Stanislaus 3.31 Fresno Pacific University 3.30 Holy Names University 3.16 Humboldt State University 3.26 La Sierra University 3.39 Menlo College 3.30 Notre Dame de Namur University 3.20 Otis College of Art and Design 3.17 Pacific Union College 3.23 San Francisco Art Institute 3.22 San Francisco State University 3.23 Sonoma State University 3.24 Vanguard University of Southern California 3.21 Woodbury University 3.34 Colorado Adams State College 3.11 Colorado Mesa University 3.10 Fort Lewis College 3.25 Metropolitan State University of Denver 2.90 University of Colorado Colorado Springs 3.37 University of Northern Colorado 3.23 Western State Colorado University 2.87 Connecticut Albertus Magnus College 2.60 Central Connecticut State University 3.00 Eastern Connecticut State University 3.08 Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts 3.22 Sacred Heart University 3.42 Southern Connecticut State University 2.90 University of Bridgeport 2.93 University of Saint Joseph 3.24 Western Connecticut State University 2.97 Delaware Catholic University of America 3.38 Delaware State University 3.11 Goldey-Beacom College 2.90 Wesley College 2.71 Florida Barry University 3.14 Beacon College 2.87 Bethune-Cookman University 2.96 Clearwater Christian College 3.32 Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University 3.36 Johnson Wales University 3.06 Lynn University 3.07 Ringling College of Art and Design 3.27 Rollins College 3.33 Trinity College of Florida 3.17 University of Tampa 3.40 Webber International University 2.83 Georgia Albany State University 2.92 Armstrong Atlantic State University 3.24 Brewton-Parker College 3.04 Clark Atlanta University 3.00 Clayton State University 3.05 Columbus State University 3.12 Dalton State College 3.10 Georgia Gwinnett College 2.78 Georgia Southern University 3.29 Georgia Southwestern State University 3.26 Kennesaw State University 3.25 Life University 3.15 Morehouse College 3.11 Paine College 2.95 Point University 3.15 Reinhardt University 3.11 Savannah State University 2.77 Shorter University 3.35 Southern Polytechnic State University 3.28 Valdosta State University 3.20 University of West Georgia 3.15 Hawaii Chaminade University of Honolulu 3.41 University of Hawaii at Hilo 3.36 Idaho Idaho State University 3.23 Lewis-Clark State College 3.10 Illinois Augustana College 3.29 Blackburn College 3.28 Columbia College Chicago 3.26 Concordia University Chicago 2.98 Eastern Illinois University 3.08 Elmhurst College 3.38 Eureka College 3.20 Judson University 3.39 Kendall College 2.82 Lincoln Christian University 2.80 MacMurray College 3.00 Monmouth College 3.30 North Park University 3.14 Northeastern Illinois University 2.80 Northern Illinois University 3.15 Robert Morris University 3.48 Rockford University 3.18 Roosevelt University 3.16 Shimer College 2.99 Southern Illinois University Carbondale 3.09 University of Illinois at Chicago 3.25 Western Illinois University 3.20 // Indiana Calumet College of St. Joseph 2.63 Holy Cross College 3.20 Indiana Institute of Technology 2.93 Indiana State University 3.07 Indiana University East 3.17 Indiana University Kokomo 3.14 Indiana University Northwest 2.96 Indiana University- Purdue University Fort Wayne 3.20 Indiana University- Purdue University Indianapolis 3.39 Indiana University South Bend 3.09 Indiana University Southeast 3.12 Oakland City University 3.15 Purdue University Calumet 3.13 Purdue University North Central 3.04 St. Joseph's College 3.19 Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College 3.23 University of Southern Indiana 3.27 Iowa Briar Cliff University 3.27 Emmaus Bible College 3.18 Graceland University 3.22 Grand View University 3.23 Iowa Wesleyan College 3.02 Maharishi University of Management 3.14 St. Ambrose University 3.26 University of Dubuque 2.95 Upper Iowa University 3.19 Waldorf College 3.00 Kansas Bethany College 2.85 Emporia State University 3.32 Fort Hays State University 3.37 Friends University 3.29 Pittsburg State University 3.30 Sterling College 3.10 Tabor College 3.33 University of St. Mary 3.31 Kentucky Campbellsville University 3.35 Eastern Kentucky University 3.29 Georgetown College 3.37 Kentucky Christian University 3.16 Kentucky Mountain Bible College 3.39 Kentucky State University 2.78 Kentucky Wesleyan College 3.30 Lindsey Wilson College 3.27 Midway College 3.19 Northern Kentucky University 3.34 Thomas More College 3.26 University of the Cumberlands 3.44 University of Pikeville 3.06 Western Kentucky University 3.27 // Louisiana Dillard University 2.78 Grambling State University 2.72 Louisiana College 3.17 Louisiana State University Shreveport 3.29 Nicholls State University 3.22 Northwestern State University of Louisiana 3.24 Southeastern Louisiana University 3.19 University of Louisiana at Lafayette 3.30 University of New Orleans 3.14 Maine Husson University 3.30 University of Maine 3.27 University of Maine at Farmington 2.97 University of Maine at Fort Kent 3.00 University of New England 3.30 University of Southern Maine 2.96 Maryland Frostburg State University 3.18 Goucher College 3.15 Morgan State University 3.00 Stevenson University 3.40 University of Baltimore 2.89 University of Maryland Eastern Shore 2.80 Massachusetts American International College 2.80 Anna Maria College 2.78 Assumption College 3.38 Bay Path College 3.21 Becker College 3.08 Bridgewater State University 3.14 Curry College 2.80 Eastern Nazarene College 3.00 Endicott College 3.27 Fitchburg State University 3.10 Framingham State University 3.08 Hellenic College Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology 3.40 Lasell College 2.96 Lesley University 3.31 Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts 3.10 Massachusetts Maritime Academy 3.14 Mount Ida College 2.60 Newbury College 2.45 Nichols College 2.80 Regis College 3.06 Salem State University 3.13 Wentworth Institute of Technology 3.10 Western New England University 3.38 Westfield State University 3.09 Wheelock College 2.88 Worcester State University 3.23 Michigan Central Michigan University 3.37 College for Creative Studies 3.19 Concordia University Ann Arbor 3.10 Eastern Michigan University 3.30 Kuyper College 3.26 Lake Superior State University 3.26 Madonna University 3.30 Marygrove College 2.67 Northern Michigan University 3.16 Northwood University 3.16 Siena Heights University 3.20 University of Michigan- Flint 3.29 Wayne State University 3.30 Western Michigan University 3.34 // Minnesota Bemidji State University 3.11 Bethany Lutheran College 3.39 Concordia University Saint Paul 3.13 Minneapolis College of Art and Design 3.25 North Central University 3.33 St. Cloud State University 3.12 University of Minnesota, Crookston 3.21 Winona State University 3.33 Mississippi Alcorn State University 2.98 Belhaven University 3.30 Delta State University 3.10 Jackson State University 3.03 Mississippi State University 3.32 Mississippi Valley State University 2.91 Rust College 2.34 University of Southern Mississippi 3.27 Missouri Avila University 3.34 Culver-Stockton College 3.12 Harris-Stowe State University 2.69 Kansas City Art Institute 3.30 Lincoln University 2.63 Lindenwood University 3.21 Missouri Southern State University 3.30 Missouri Western State University 3.32 St. Louis Christian College 3.00 Southeast Missouri State University 3.39 Stephens College 3.27 University of Central Missouri 3.35 University of Missouri- Kansas City 3.36 Montana Montana State University 3.36 Montana State University- Billings 3.14 Rocky Mountain College 3.35 University of Great Falls 3.28 University of Montana Western 3.07 Want to build the best possible college application with a low GPA? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Nebraska Wayne State College 3.20 Nevada Sierra Nevada College 3.08 University of Nevada, Las Vegas 3.28 New Hampshire Colby Sawyer College 3.21 New England College 2.59 Plymouth State University 2.96 Rivier University 3.19 Saint Anselm College 3.28 Southern New Hampshire University 3.06 New Jersey Bloomfield College 2.68 Fairleigh Dickinson University- College at Florham 3.07 Fairleigh Dickinson University- Metropolitan Campus 3.08 Felician College 3.05 Kean University 3.10 Montclair State University 3.20 Ramapo College of New Jersey 3.26 Rider University 3.28 Saint Peter's University 3.15 William Paterson University 3.08 New Mexico Eastern New Mexico University 3.19 New Mexico Highlands University 2.95 University of New Mexico 3.38 // New York Alfred University 3.03 Cazenovia College 3.20 College of Mount St. Vincent 3.12 Culinary Institute of America 3.16 CUNY College of Staten Island 3.06 CUNY Hunter College 3.20 CUNY John Jay College of Criminal Justice 2.84 Dominican College 2.96 Elmira College 3.28 Farmingdale State College 3.24 Hartwick College 3.16 Hilbert College 3.18 Hobart and William Smith Colleges 3.43 Iona College 2.96 Keuka College 3.10 Long Island University Brooklyn 2.98 Long Island University Post 3.11 Manhattanville College 3.10 Marist College 3.30 Mercy College 3.00 Molloy College 3.00 Mount St. Mary College 3.20 Nyack College 2.81 Pace University 3.26 School of Visual Arts 3.29 St. Bonaventure University 3.40 St. Joseph's College- Brooklyn Campus 3.20 SUNY College at Brockport 2.98 SUNY Buffalo State 3.15 SUNY College at Old Westbury 3.10 SUNY Plattsburgh 3.20 SUNY Potsdam 3.29 SUNY at Purchase (Purchase College) 3.10 Utica College 3.09 North Carolina Barton College 3.18 Belmont Abbey College 3.16 Brevard College 3.07 Chowan University 2.69 Fayetteville State University 3.20 Guilford College 3.19 Johnson C. Smith University 2.78 Lees-McRae College 3.29 Mars Hill University 3.24 Meredith College 3.35 Methodist University 3.28 Mid-Atlantic Christian University 2.91 Montreat College 3.07 North Carolina AT State University 2.48 North Carolina Central University 3.20 Saint Augustine's University 2.37 Shaw University 2.45 University of North Carolina at Pembroke 3.40 William Peace University 3.22 Winston-Salem State University 3.01 North Dakota Jamestown College 3.46 Mayville State University 2.99 Minot State University 3.36 Valley City State University 3.18 Ohio Ashland University 3.44 Bluffton University 3.16 Bowling Green State University 3.30 Central State University 2.50 Cincinnati Christian University 3.14 Cleveland State University 3.29 College of Mount St. Joseph 3.35 Columbus College of Art and Design 3.15 Defiance College 3.22 Heidelberg University 3.28 Kent State University at Kent 3.36 Lourdes University 3.17 Malone University 3.33 Muskingum University 3.26 Tiffin University 3.07 University of Akron 3.16 University of Mount Union 3.44 University of Rio Grande 3.06 University of Toledo 3.32 Urbana University 3.00 Wilmington College 3.20 Wright State University 3.26 Youngstown State University 3.13 Oklahoma Cameron University 3.14 East Central University 3.40 Northeastern State University 3.37 Northwestern Oklahoma State University 3.28 St. Gregory's University 3.29 Southeastern Oklahoma State University 3.31 University of Central Oklahoma 3.29 Oregon Eastern Oregon University 3.29 Southern Oregon University 3.31 Warner Pacific College 3.17 Western Oregon University 3.24 Pennsylvania Albright College 3.40 Alvernia University 3.34 Baptist Bible College and Seminary 3.31 Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania 3.27 Cabrini College 3.06 Cairn University 3.24 California University of Pennsylvania 3.10 Cedar Crest College 3.17 Chestnut Hill College 3.13 Cheyney University of Pennsylvania 2.37 Clarion University of Pennsylvania 3.21 Edinboro University of Pennsylvania 3.18 Gwynedd-Mercy College 3.22 Holy Family University 3.09 Immaculata University 3.26 Kutztown University of Pennsylvania 3.20 La Roche College 3.30 La Salle University 3.35 Lock Haven University 3.30 Mansfield University of Pennsylvania 3.33 Misericordia University 3.35 Morris College 2.50 Mount Aloysius College 3.20 Muhlenberg College 3.30 Neumann University 3.04 Penn State Abington 3.11 Penn State Altoona 3.05 Penn State Berks 3.06 Penn State Erie, The Behrend College 3.30 Penn State Harrisburg 3.14 Penn State Lehigh Valley 3.03 Penn State Schuylkill 2.90 Point Park University 3.22 Rosemont College 3.40 Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania 3.20 Susquehanna University 3.46 Thiel College 3.10 University of Pittsburgh Bradford 3.22 Washington Jefferson College 3.39 Rhode Island Bryant University 3.42 Roger Williams University 3.34 Salve Regina University 3.29 University of Rhode Island 3.46 South Carolina Claflin University 3.28 Erskine College and Seminary 3.31 Limestone College 3.24 South Carolina State University 2.79 University of South Carolina Beaufort 3.39 Voorhees College 2.00 // South Dakota Dakota State University 3.10 Northern State University 3.25 South Dakota State University 3.37 Tennessee Austin Peay State University 3.20 Cumberland University 3.30 East Tennessee State University 3.40 Fisk University 3.10 Johnson University 3.06 LeMoyne-Owen College 2.50 Lane College 2.42 Memphis College of Art 3.14 Tennessee State University 2.82 Tennessee Wesleyan College 3.42 Trevecca Nazarene University 3.39 Tusculum College 3.13 University of Memphis 3.42 Watkins College of Art, Design and Film 3.00 Texas Arlington Baptist College 2.88 Concordia University Texas 3.30 East Texas Baptist University 3.38 Huston Tillotson University 2.79 Paul Quinn College 2.60 Prairie View AM University 3.03 Southwestern Adventist University 3.20 Sul Ross State University 3.17 Texas AM University- Kingsville 3.35 Texas Southern University 2.84 Texas Wesleyan University 3.40 Texas Woman's University 3.08 Wayland Baptist University 3.28 Utah Dixie State College 3.22 Neumont University 3.20 Weber State University 3.29 Vermont Castleton State College 3.00 Champlain College 3.20 Green Mountain College 3.04 Marlboro College 3.23 Norwich University 3.07 Southern Vermont College 2.50 Vermont Technical College 3.02 Virginia Averett University 3.17 Bluefield College 3.29 Ferrum College 2.88 Hampton University 3.22 Lynchburg College 3.41 Mary Baldwin College 3.43 Marymount University 3.24 Norfolk State University 2.90 Old Dominion University 3.28 Radford University 3.20 Virginia State University 2.90 Virginia Union University 2.71 Virginia Wesleyan College 3.28 Washington Central Washington University 3.14 Eastern Washington University 3.21 Evergreen State College 3.04 University of Washington Bothell 3.28 University of Washington Tacoma 3.23 Washington State University 3.31 West Virginia Alderson-Broaddus College 3.20 Bethany College 2.85 Concord University 3.31 Davis and Elkins College 2.90 Fairmont State University 3.29 Ohio Valley University 2.85 Shepherd University 3.31 West Liberty University 3.35 West Virginia State University 3.08 West Virginia University Institute of Technology 3.35 Wisconsin Cardinal Stritch University 3.22 Carroll University 3.30 Carthage College 3.24 Edgewood College 3.40 Lakeland College 3.00 Milwaukee Institute of Art Design 3.07 Mount Mary University 3.12 Northland College 3.40 Silver Lake College of the Holy Family 2.73 University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee 3.10 University of Wisconsin- Oshkosh 3.30 University of Wisconsin- Parkside 3.03 University of Wisconsin- Stout 3.30 University of Wisconsin- Superior 3.12 University of Wisconsin- Whitewater 3.29 // The Final Word: Colleges With Low GPA Requirements As you can see, a low GPA- usually one around 3.0 or lower- doesn't have to disqualify you from some great colleges. In fact, many schools with low GPA requirements are popular, well-known state universities. By contrast, if you're a fan of smaller colleges, there are plenty of those, too, you can consider. In addition, no matter where you are in the US, more than likely there's a school with low GPA requirements in or near the area you live (except Wyoming- sorry, guys!). Some states in the list above have far more schools than others; this is likely a result of population differences. Finally, remember that even if your GPA is lower than what your school expects, you can increase your chance of acceptance by getting a high SAT/ACT score and submitting a great application! What’s Next? What's a good GPA? A bad GPA?Here's a complete guide. // Want to see colleges that are even easier to get into? Take a look at our list of schools that admit almost everyone. You know your GPA, but do you know your target test scores? Figure out what your target SAT or target ACT score should be for the colleges you're interested in. Ready to learn more about the application process? Check out this handy infographic that lays it all out in detail.

Econometrics assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Econometrics - Assignment Example In this case, the cumulative probability is 0.7049. This implies that the coefficient is at least -20 (100 - 70.5) = 29.5% of the time. We now test the probability that the obtained t-score with 11982 degrees of freedom is greater than 0.5385. Using the t-tables, we obtain the one-tailed p-value as 0.2951. Since this value is greater than the default level of significance (0.05) for the test, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. We establish that the value of the coefficient is not greater than -20 at the 5% level of significance. From the equations, we now determine whether students whose home language is not English are more or less likely to read fiction compared to those who read fiction at home. Firstly, we realize that the introduction of the variable â€Å"fiction† in the second model improves the value of R2 from 0.02 to 0.204. This indicates that the variable alone accounts for (0.204 – 0.02) = 18.4% of the variability in the reading scores. We take the â€Å"odds ratio† approach. We apply the formula: Again, nearly everyone in the sample who does not speak English at home reads fiction. The ratio of fiction readers from the two categorizations is 1:1, implying neither of the groups commands higher fiction reading likelihoods than the other. In the variable â€Å"fiction† were to be split into constituent components based on the likert scale rankings earlier used, such that â€Å"fict5† indicates â€Å"I like reading fiction very much† and so on, we would have to change the variable responses from scale to dummies. We assume that if an individual who, say responding to â€Å"fict5† mentions that they â€Å"do not like reading fiction very much† will be accorded 0 for the response, and 1 for â€Å"I like reading fiction very much†. The variable â€Å"fict3† is the transition between responses that affirm or disaffirm the proposal/ question. This is highlighted by the fact that the scale used has 5 points, providing for